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Simple Lessons in Irish. Part V. Continued.
Title
Simple Lessons in Irish. Part V. Continued.
Author(s)
Ó Gramhnaigh, Eoghan - O'Gramhna, Eoghan,
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Mac Néill, Eoin
Composition Date
1899
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Connradh na Gaedhilge
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1926
SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH. PART V. — CONTINUED. <L 17a> DUILLEACÁN AN IRISLEABHAIR SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH. PART V. EXERCISE CLXVII. — continued. Fanfaidh tú annso nó go bhfeicfir mise ag teacht ar ais. Annsin cuirfidh tú suas an fhuinneog, agus léimfidh tú amach ar an sráid, agus rithfidh tú síos go dtí an tobar agus suidhfir ar an gclaidhe atá le hais an tobair. An ndeanfaidh tú sin? Deunfad. Leigfidh mise an fhuinneog anuas annsin, agus dúnfad an doras. Sílfidh siad annsin gur tú atá istigh. 1263. EXAMPLES:- fonn, fancy; fonnmhar, desirous. greann, fun; greannmhar, funny, amusing. glóir, glory; glórmhar, glorious. feur, grass, feurmhar, grassy. seun, happiness; seunmhar, happy. ceol, music; ceolmhar, musical. luach, value; luachmhar, valuable. ciall, sense; ciallmhar, intelligent. neart, power; neartmhar, powerful. ádh, luch; ádhmhar, lucky. líon(an old word for)number; líonmhar, numerous. sgáth, a shadow; sgáthmhar, shy, startled. 1265. EXAMPLES:- árd, high; árduigh, raise. bán, white; bánuigh, whiten. deas, pretty; deasuigh, put in order. lag, weak; laguigh, weaken. slán, well; slánuigh. tirm, dry; tiormuigh, dry. bás, death; básuigh, injure mortally. obair, work; oibrigh, operate. 1266. FURTHER EXAMPLES:- bocht, poor; bochtuigh, impoverish. bodhar, deaf; bodhruigh, make deaf. ainm, name; ainmnigh, name. beatha, life; beathuigh, nourish. cneas, skin; cneasaigh, form skin over wound. cuimhne, memory; cuimhnigh, remember, recollect, think. 1267.FURTHER EXAMPLES:- ceart, right; ceartuigh, correct. cóir, proper; córuigh, fix properly. mín, fine; mínigh, explain. cuid, part; cuidigh(le), take part with, assist. cúl, back of head; cúluigh, retire backwards. saothar, exertion; saothruigh, labour, cultivate. íseal, low; ísligh, lower. cuairt, a visit; cuartuigh, search. leas, improvement; leasuigh, improve. neart, strength; neartuigh, strengthen. <L 18a> 1270. EXAMPLES(future of arduigh, raise):- árdóchad, I shall raise. árdóchair, thou wilt raise. árdóchaidh, he, she, it will raise. árdóchthaoi, ye wilt raise. 1271. EXAMPLE(future mínigh; explain):- míneochad, I shall explain. míneochair, thou wilt explain. míneochaidh, he, she, it will explain. 1273. VOCABULARY:— Beul-Átha-Na-Sluaigheadh Ballinasloe: lit. the mouth of the ford of the hostings. feudaim, I can, I am able. cineál: kind, sort, species sórt: kind, sort, species sórd: kind, sort, species seort: kind, sort, species saghas: kind, sort, species is eol dom, I know. 1274. An mbeidh tú ag dul go h-aonach Béil-Átha-Na-Sluaigheadh? Beidhead. Éir- eochaidh mé ar a trí a chlog ar maidin i mbárach, agus imtheochad as so ar a ceathair a chlog. An gceannóchaidh tú capall ann? Ceannóchad trí chapaill, má fheudaim an cineál ceart d'fhagháil ar an aonach, agus iad saor. Ní bheathóchaidh an pháirc mhór trí capaill. Ní bheathóchaidh, acht cuirfimid ar an sliabh iad go ceann tamaill. Cuimhnigh ar an diallaid úd nár cheannuighis nuair bhís i nGaillimh. Cuimhneochad, Fiafróchaidh mé d'fhear an tsiopa an bhfuil diallaid mhaith aige, agus má tá, árdóchad liom í. Tá eagla orm go mbochtóchaidh an t-aonach so thú. Imthigh agus ná bodhruigh sinn. 1278. EXAMPLES:- dath, colour; dathamhail, well-coloured. lá, day; laethe, days; laetheamhail, daily. gráin, disgust; gráineamhail, hateful. meas, esteem; measamhail, estimable. clú, fame; clúmhail, famous. cara, friend; cáirde, friends; cáirdeamhail, friendly. croidhe, heart; croidheamhail, hearty, gay. fear, man; fearamhail, manly. rí, en. riogh, king; ríoghamhail, kingly, royal. ainm, name; ainmeamhail, noted, reknowned. flaith, prince; flaitheámhail, princely. caoi, a way; caoitheamhail, opportune. bean, a woman, gen. ban, banamhail, womanly. <L 19a> SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH. PART V. EXERCISE CLXIX. — Continued. 1279. Adjectives ending in —amhail form the genitive, both masculine and feminine, in —amhla(pr. -uwla, —oola, with a nasal sound of mh), as, ag léigheadh an leabhair ainmeamhla, reading the famous book, le haghaidh na hoibre laetheamhla, for(the purpose of) the daily work. CONTRACTED VERBS. 1283. Many verbs of syllables drop the vowel of the second syllable when any ending commencing with a vowel is added. We shall take the verbs innis, tell, and osgail(or fosgail), open, as examples. 1284. Imperative(See 950). Sing. e, innis, t, innseadh, plur. i. innsimís, 2, innsidh, 3, innsidís Osgail, osgladh, osglamaois, osglaoidh, osgladaois or osglaidís. 1285. Present(See 990). Innsim, innsir, innseann, innsimíd, innsid. Osglaim, osglair, osglann, osglamaoid, osgailtí, osglaid. 1286. Optative(see 1253). Innsead, innsir, innsidh, innsimíd, innsid. 1287. Imperfect(see 1188). D'innsinn, d'innsiteá, d'innseadh, d'innsimís, d'inn- sidís. D'oslainn, d'osgailteá, d'osgladh, d'osgamaois, d'osgadaois, or d'osglaidís. 1288. Past(see 1207) D'innseas, d'innsis, d'innis, d'innseamar, d'inns- eadar, d'innseadar. D'osglas, d'osglais, d'osgail, d'osglamar, d'osgla- bhar, d'osgladar. 1289. Like innis(in omitting the vowel of the second syllable when a vowel begins the added syllable) are imir, play, díbir, banish, cuimil, rub, aithin, recognize, etc. 1290. Like osgail are cosain, labhair, siubhail, codail, sleep: seachain, avoid, beware of; abair, say; bagair, threaten; ceangail, bind. In the case of codail, when the d and l come together, they sound like ll, as codlaim, pr. kul'im, I sleep. FUTURE OF CONTRACTED VERBS. 1293. Examples: innis, innseosad, I shall tell; inneasair, thou wilt tell, etc. Imir, imeorad; díbir, díbeorad; cuimil, cuimeolad; aithin, aitheonad. Osgail, oisgeolad; labhair, laibheorad; codail, coideolad; abair, aibeorod; ceangail, ceingeolad. 1294. Labharfad, I shall speak; siubhalfad, I shall walk; seachanfad, I shall avoid, are instances of the con- tracted verbs with the future in f. 1295. The future of contracted verbs is now formed as if the imperative ended in igh. 1296. Examples: Imir, imreochadh; díbir, díbreochad; cuimil, cuimleochad; aithn, aithneochad; osgail, osglóchad; labhair, labhró- chad; codail, codlóchad; abair abróchad; ceangail, ceanglóchad; siubhal, siubhlóchadh or siubhalfad; seachain, seachnóchad. 1297. The future of innis is in Munster inneosad as formerly. Elsewhere innseochad. 1298. Vocabulary. bitheamhnach, thief, villain. riar, order, regulation. riaramhail, subject, obedient, docile. bochtanacht, f., poverty. cruadhtan, cruadhtain,f. hardship. seod, m., a precious thing, gen. seoid. fill, return; filleadh, returning. i gcaitheamh, during, followed by genitive. macánta, honest, well-behaved. In Ulster, till and pill are used in this meaning. <L 20> ceadlongadh, m., a literary word for the vulgar breicfeasta, breakfast. Solamh, Solomon. Dáibhidh, also Daithí, David. Brian Bóramha (bo'rumu, bo'roo), or Bóroimhe (bo'rive), Brian Boru. bláth, bloom, a flower, plural, blátha. fosgadh or fasgadh, shelter, gen., —aidh. 1299. Bhí rí ann fad' ó, agus is fear dathamhail croidheamhail cáirdeamhail flaith- eamhail do bhí ann. Do chosnadh sé a thír go fearamhail, agus do dhíbreodh sé aisti gach bitheamhnach agus gach droch-dhuine nach mbíodh riaramhail dó. Acht na deagh-dhaoine go léir, bhídís ag caitheamh beathadh aoibhne socra saidhbhire gan bochtanacht gan cruadh- tain. Dá gcróchadh duine fáinne óir nó seod luachmhar ar bith ar chrann le taobh an bhóthair, agus dá n-imthigheadh sé leis annsin gan filleadh ar ais go ceann bliadhna, agus go siubhlfadh na mílte an tslighe sin i gcaitheamh na bliadhna, bhíodh an fáinne nó an seod le fagháil ar an gcrann roimhe ag teacht ar ais dó. Seachnóchaidh mé an droch-dhuine agus ní baoghal dom an duine macánta. Tar éis mo cheudlongaidh(nó, mo bhreic- feasta) siubhlóchaidh mé (nó, siubhalfaidh mé) míle, tar éis mo dhinnéir, caithfidh mé píopa, agus tar éis mo shuipéir, codlóchaidh mé an oidhche, agus éireochaidh mé ar maidin gan tuirse gan sgíth orm. Ba chosamhail an rí úd le Solamh mac Dháibhidh nó le Brian Bóramha rí Éireann. Ar feadh na haimsire teo tirime, bhíodh na héin(nó, na heunacha)ag deunamh ceoil bhinn, acht beidh siad(nó, beid) 'na dtost as so amach go deireadh an gheimhridh chruaidh fhuair. Ní bheidh blátha buidhe an tsamhraidh le feicsint ar fud an mhachaire fhairrsing réidh, ná duilleabhar glas na coilleadh craobhaighe os ar gcionn ag deun- namh fosgaidh dhúinn ó'n teas agus ó'n bhfear- thainn. EXERCISE CLXX. THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES. 1300. In English, adjectives are the same in singular and plural. But in Irish, as in other languages, adjectives have a plural form when they qualify a plural noun. The plural is the same in form whether the noun be masculine or feminine. 1301. Adjectives ending in a broad consonant form the plural by adding a. Lá fuar, a cold day; laetheanta fuara, cold days. Cnoc árd, a high hill; cnuic árda, high hills. 1302. Adjectives ending in a slender consonant form the plural by adding e. Bean mhaith, a good woman; mná maithe, good women. Áit fholláin, a healthy place; áiteacha folláine, healthy places. 1303. A few adjectives ending in a slender consonant form the plural in —a, as cóir, córa; deacair, deacra; socair, socra. 1304. All adjectives ending in —mhail end in —mhla in the plural, as daoine fear- amhla, manly people. 1305. Uasal “noble” becomes uaisle in the plural; duine uasal, a gentleman, daoine uaisle, gentlemen, gentlefolk(of both sexes). Iseal low, not noble, plural ísle. 1306. When an adjective ends in a vowel, it undergoes no changes, whatever in termination, either in singular or plural. Duine aosta, an aged person; comhairle dhuine aosta, an aged person's advice; daoine aosta, aged people. 1307. Te “hot” is an exception. It becomes teó both in the genitive singular feminine and in the plural. D'éis na haimsire teó, after the hot weather. Na laetheanta teó, the hot days. Beo “living” follows the general rule, except after Dé, the genitive of Dia, “God.” as briathar Dé bhí, the words of the living God. Mac Dé bhí, the Son of the living God. 1308. When the plural of the noun ends in a slender consonant, the initial con- sonant of an adjective following it is aspirated, as fir mhóra, big men; lachain bhána, white ducks(123). 1309. beidhead, I shall be. rachad, I shall go. tiocfad, I shall come. adeurfad or deurfad beurfad, I shall bear, bring beurfad ar, I shall catch do bheurfad or bheurfad tiubhrad, after certain particles. I shall give, bring. <L 21> geobhad geabhad do gheobhad or gheobhad do gheabhad or gheabhad fuighead íosad muirbhfead, more commonly maróbhad or mairieobhad, I shall kill. 1310. The forms adeurfad, deurfad, beurfad, bheurfad, were formerly always adeur or adeurad, beurad, do bheur or do bheurad. The rule was that when a short vowel in the present(adeir, &c.) became a long vowel in the future, no f was added. This rule is still observed in the future ending in —óchad or —eochad. 1311. The first a in adeurfad and the do in do bheurad, do gheobhad, do gheabhad, though not being accented, are now commonly dropped altogether, thogh formerly they formed part of the word. See 763, 694, 1039. 1312. Instead of bheurad or tiubhrad, I shall give, tabharfad is frequently used, especially in Munster. It is a new formation from the imperative tabhair. 1316. Vocabulary. garsún, a small boy. seasg, dry, i.e., not milking. mart, m. a steer or beeve. reamhar, fat. gamhain, m., a calf(usually over six months). láracha, plural of láir, mare. bromach, m., a fool, a colt. eudrom, light; cos-eudtrom, lightfooted. géadh, gé, m, goose, plural, géadhna glas means greyish as well as green. ceannaidhe, a merchant, trader. earraidhe, plural, wares, goods. rinnce, m., dancing, capering. mná feasa, women of knowledge, “wise-women.” tinncéir, tinker. saor, a craftsman, artizan. ceardaidhe, tradesman, craftsman. ceird,f., a trade or craft, an occupation. stróichthe, torn. tá súil agam, I hope, expect. amhras, m., doubt, gen. amhrais. dochar, m., harm, gen. dochair. 1317. Bhí aonach ann an lá sin. Bhí daoine móra ann agus daoine beaga, daoine uaisle agus daoine ísle, daoine bochta agus daoine saidhbhre, fir óga agus mná óga, sean-mhná agus sean-daoine, cailíní agus garsúin bheaga. Bhí ba bainne ann agus ba seasga, mairt reamhra agus gamhna beag geala, láracha agus bromaigh, capaill bhreágha móra agus capaill bheaga cos- eudtroma, muca reamhra agus bainbh, caoirigh agus asail, cearca agus coiligh agus lachain, géadhna bána agus géadhna glasa agus ganndail. Bhí tighearnaidhe talmhan ann agus ceannaidhthe earraidh, lucht ceoil agus lucht rinnce, mná feasa, agus tinncéirí, saoir adhmaid agus saoir chloiche, ceardaidhthe gan cheird, táilliúirí agus cótaidhe stóicthe orra, agus greusaidhthe beaga breugacha agus bróga briste orra. An bhfuighidh tú na leabhra nuadha úd dom? Gheabhad má's féidir, agus mura bhfuighead, tá súil agam go bhfuighead na leabhra eile, má's maith leat iad. An rachaidh Séamus go Corgaigh i mbárach? Ní rachaidh. Ní thiocfaidh sé ar ais as Gaillimh go ceann seachtmhaine eile. An dtiubhraidh sé leis an capall úd do cheannuigh sé i nGaillimh? Bheurfaidh gan amhras. Ní fheudfaidh sé é fhágáil 'na dhiaidh. An n-íosaidh sibh feoil nó iasg. Ár ndóigh, íosamaoid an dá chuid. Ní dhéanfaidh siad dochar ar bith d'á chéile. An codlóchaidh sibh sa' mbaile anocht. Budh dheacair a rádh. Caithfimid imtheacht go luath ar maidin. END OF PART V. <L 23a> SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH. PART V. CONTINUED. [The following exercises on the condtitional and relative forms of verbs are added to Part V.] In 1298, the following are omitted:— le feicsint, to be seen; le fagháil, to be found; le deunamh, to be done. le in the foregoing and similar phrases placed before a verbal noun expresses what is possible or necessary. machaire, m., open country, a plain. réidh, smooth, clear of obstacles]. 1324. Example: (do) chreidfinn, I should believe (do) chreidfeá, Thou wouldst believe (do) chreidfeadh, He,she, it would believe (do) chreidfimís, We should believe (do) chreidfeadh sibh, Ye would believe (do) chreidfidís, They would believe. 1325. Example: (do) mholfainn, I should praise. (do) mholfá, thou wouldst praise. (do) mholfadh, he, she, it would praise. (do) mholfamaois, we should praise. (do) mholfadh sibh, ye should praise. (do) mholfadaois or mholfaidís, they would praise. 1329. Examples for translation: Mo chuid leabhar (see 847). Do chuid ubhall. Crann agus a chuid freumh. Bhur gcuid cloch. Sean-bhean agus a cuid cearc. Iad agus a gcuid cleas. Cláriseach agus a cuid teud. Ár gcuir seod. Distinguish between obair mo mhic and obair mo mhac. Mórán cnámh. Beagán focal. Iomad copán. An oiread sin bád. Cá mheud colm? Os cionn a gcaisleán. I bhfochair bhur mbárd. I n-aice do bhróg. 1330. Sometimes, when the final consonant is slender in the nominative singular, it becomes broad in the <L 24a> genitive plural(ie. the vowel is omitted), as súil, an eye, gen. pl., súl. Os comhair mo shúl, before my eyes. Radharc a súl, the sight of their eyes. 1342. Vocabulary: d'abróchainn, conditional of abair, say. sgeul, story, also means a matter, an affair. déidheanach, late, last. tiocfad, I shall come(future of tigim). shíos, down; also spelled thíos. ca bhfios, how is it known? Who can tell? ca bhfios dúinn, how can you know or tell? cleamhnas, a match or marriage alliance. pós, marry. caidé, what. geit or geite, m. a start, a fright. tuairim, f. a guess, an opinion. dá shúil, two eyes. cogadh, m. war. dall, as a noun, means a blind person. Séadna, a man's name. Sadhbh(seiv, or sa-wh'), f. a woman's name. 1342. Translate: Ní abróchainn go raibh an sgeul chomh olc sin ar fad. Nuair thiocfadh an lá déidheanach, ní bheidheadh thíos leis acht é féin. Cionnus bheidheadh an sgeul aici, dá ndéanadh Séadna mar dhéanfadh Seaghan Buidhe? Dubhairt sé leis féin, “Ca bhfios an mairfinn na trí bliadhna deug féin?” Dubhairt Sadhbh gur bh'í féin do bhris an cleamhnas, agus aon chleamhnas do dhéanfaidís do Shéadhna, go mbrisfeadh sí ar an gcuma gcéadna é, nuair ná pósfadh(= nach bpósfadh)sé í féin. Caidé an geit do bhainfeadh fear na n-adharc aisti! Is é mo thuairim, má bhainfeadh sé geit aisti, go mbainfeadh sí geit as. B'fhéidir go gcaithfeadh sí an t-uisge te idir an dá shúil air. Ní buan cogadh na gcarad. I ndomhan na ndall, is rí fear aon- tsúile. Caithfidh fear na mbróg bheith amuigh. <L 25a> 1344. Adjectives have the same form in the genitive plural as they have in the nominative singular. Example: fear mór, a big man; teach na bhfear mór, the house of the big men. 1345. The genitive plural of nouns causes eclipsis in the initial consonant of the adjective that follows, and if several adjec- tives follow, each is eclipsed. Example: tír na bhfear gcródha gcalma, the land of the brave, valorous men. If the adjective commences with a vowel, n- is prefixed as in the other instances of eclipsis already given. Exam- ple: sluagh na bhfear n-óg n-áluinn, the host of the young handsome men. 1349. Examples of relative forms: verb Relative Present Relative Future mol mholas mholfas creid chreideas chreidfeas árduigh árduigheas árdóchas 1350. In the northern half of Ireland, there is a corrupt form of the relative present in common use, mholanns, chreideanns, formed by adding s to the 3rd person singular of the present, molann, creideann. 1351. In the southern half of Ireland, especially in the eastern part of Munster, the relative forms, both present and future, have almost gone out of popular use, though they are probably pretty generally understoon. Instead of them, the ordinary form of the third person singular is used, with the intitial aspirated, mholann, chreideann, mholfaidh, chreidfidh. 1352. The relative form is never used after nach. 1353. During recent times it has become usual to prefix the particle do, or its broken form a, to the verb in a relative clause. This particle has been erroneously termed a relative pronoun. Example: an fear a bhuaileas for an fear bhuaileas, the man who strikes. 1354. Examples of use of relative forms: An té shiubhlas bóthar fada, meileann sé min agus garbh. He who travels a long road,(he) grinds (both) fine and course. An té shiubhalfas(or shiubhlóchas) bóthar fada, meilfidh sé min agus garbh. He who will travel a long road will grind fine and course. An té nach siubhlann bóthar fada, ní mheileann sé min agus garbh. He who does not walk a long road will not grind fine and course. <L 26a> An té nach siubhalfaidh(or nach siubhlóchaidh)bóthar fada, ní mheilfidh sé min agus garbh. He who will not travel a long road, will not grind fine and course. 1355. Nach eclipses the initial conso- nant and prefixes n- to initial vowels, of verbs only. There is another form ná, which does not change initial consonants, and prefixes h- to vowels. 1356. Vocabulary. croiceann, m., skin. óige, f., youth. foghnamh, m., use, service, usefulness. fiuchadh, act of boiling. aitinn, f., furze, whins. iomchair, carry. 1357. Translate: Is mairg bhíos thíos an ceud lá. An rud sgríobhas an púca, léigheann sé féin é. Is iomdha croiceann chuireas an óige dhi. Is luachmhar an nídh an óige do'n té chuireas í ar foghnamh. Ní h-iad na mná deasa chuirfeas pota ar fiuchadh. Is fearr an té chuirfeas aitinn ar chlaidhe 'ná an té chuirfeas caisleán 'san gcoill. Is minic bhaineas duine slat bhuailfeas é féin. An fear nach n-iomcharann a chóta an lá breágh, ní bhíonn sé aige an lá fliuch. Sliabh na mban bhfionn. Ciarraighe na bhfear bhfial. <L 27a> EXERCISE CLXXIII. THE DATIVE CASE. 1358. The DATIVE CASE of a noun is the form used after a preposition. 1359. Only two classes of nouns have a distinct form for the dative case singular: (1) feminine nouns ending in a broad con- sonant, and (2) nouns of the fifth declension (1095, &c). 1360. In all other nouns, with a very few exceptions, the dative singular is the same in form as the nominative singular. 1361. Feminine nouns ending in a broad consonant for their dative case by attenuation, i.e., by changing the broad consonant into a slender one(just as the genitive case is formed in the first declen- sion, 836). Examples: bróg, a shoe, dative, bróig; cos, a foot, dative, cois; lámh, a hand, dative, láimh. 1362. Give the dative singular and meaning of each of the following feminine nouns: fuinnseog, driseog, ordóg, fuinneog, ubh, sál, adharc, glún, lúb, luch, srón, bos, muc. 1363. Sometimes attenuation is accom- panied by a change of vowel, as ciall, sense, dative, céill; clann, chil- dren, dative, cloinn. See 883, 931. 1364. Further examples: sgríob, a scrape, dative, sgríb. fearg, anger, dative, feirg. cearc, a hen, dative, circ. 1365. For nouns of the second declension(912), this rule for forming the dative may be stated in another way: the dative is formed by omitting the final e of the genitive. This applies to all examples given above. 1366. When ch final is attenuated in forming the dative, it changes into gh, as it does in forming a genitive (891, 892, 937). Cailleach, an old woman, dative, cailligh; gealach, a moon, dative, gealaigh. 1367. In these words the final gh is sounded y in Connaught and Ulster, and as g in Munster(891,893). 1368. In the fifth declension, all words form the genitive, as we have seen, by adding a broad consonant. The dative is formed by making this consonant slender, as Alba, Scotland, dative, Albain; Éire, Ireland, dative, Éirinn; cara, a friend, dative, caraid; teine, fire, dative, teinidh; caora, a sheep, dat., caoraigh. 1371. Nouns ending in —acht do not change in the dative singular, though they are nearly all feminine. 371. Nouns in —acht are usually formed from adjec- tives and denote qualities: beodha, lively; beodhacht, liveliness. mórdha, majestic; mórdhacht, majesty. cródha, brave; cródhacht, bravery. breágh, fine; breághacht, beuty. diadha, divine; diadhacht, divinity. nuadh, new; nuaidheacht, news. uasal, noble; uaisleacht, nobility. seanda, ancient; seandacht, antiquity. críonna, prudent; críonnacht, prudence. naomhtha, holy; naomhthacht, holiness. geárr, short; giorracht, shortness. greannmhar, amusing; greannmhaireacht, amusingness. glórmhar, glorious; glórmhaireacht, gloriousness. líonmhar, numerous; líonmhaireacht, numerousness. íseal, low; ísleacht, lowness. gráineamhail, hateful; gráineamhlacht, hatefulness. fearamhail, manly; fearamhlacht, manliness. cosamhail, like, resembling; cosamhlacht, resemblance. déidheanach, late; déidheanacht, lateness. 1372. The foregoing are feminine, but fuacht, cold, coldness, from fuar, cold, is masculine. All nouns formed in —acht from other words form the genitive by addina —a, as fear na críonnachta, the man of (the) prudence. But in the spoken language this a is often dropped. 1373. Irregular datives: sliabh, m., a mountain; genitive, sléibhe, dative, sléibh. teach, m., house; genitive, tighe, dative, tigh. lá, m., day; genitive, lae, dative, ló. <L 28a> bean, f., woman, wife; genitive, mná, dative, mnaoi. deoch, f., drink; genitive, dighe, dative, digh. sgian, f., knife; genitive, sgine, dative, sgin. briathar, f., word; gen., bréithre, dat., bréithir. bó, f., a cow; dative, buin. 1374. In colloquial Irish, the nominatives are often used instead of the irregular datives. This sometimes happens also in the case of regular nouns. On the other hand the dative is sometimes used instead of the nomina- tive, as péist instead of piast, f., a worm; caraid for cara, a friend; námhaid for námha, an enemy; tigh for teach, a house. THE DUAL NUMBER. 1375. After the numeral dá or dhá, two, a special form of the noun is used, which is neither singular nor plural. This form is called the DUAL number of a noun. 1376. The dual number is always the same in form as the dative singular: dhá leabhar, two books; dhá láimh, two hands; an dá chuid, the two parts; an dá chois, the two feets. 1377. The d of dá is usually aspirated, unless it follows a word ending in d, t, l, n or s(DENTALS),or the feminine possessive adjective a, her, its. 1378. “Two” followed by a noun is dá dor dhá. Not followed by a noun, it is dó or dhó. 1379. All cases, nominative, geni- tive, dative and vocative, have the same form in the dual number. 1380. The plural form of an adjective, with the intitial consonant aspirated, follows a noun in the dual number, as dhá láimh gheala, two white hands. 1381. Vocabulary: géill, yield, submit, give in. géilleadh, act of yielding, etc., to yield, etc. d'á or dh'á=do a, to his, her, its, their. bacaigheacht,f., lameness. ciste, m., a chest, a treasury; genitive, same. ceird, f., a trade or occupation; genitive, ceirde. a foghlaim, the learning of it, to learn it(a feminine). críoch, f., an end; genitive, críche. cnáid, f., mockery; genitive, cnáide. théidheas, relative form of téidhim, I go. Subjunctive, téidhidh. ursa, f., a doorpost; genitive, ursan, as in 1096. ní h-áil leis, he is not pleased, i.e., satisfied. altóir, f., an altar; gen., altóra. lághach, pleasant in manner, agreeable. i n-a, in or into his, her, its, their. garrdha, m., a garden or cultivated plot; genitive, same. gnóthach, busy; gnó, business. cuach, f., a cuckoo, also a drinking cup; gen., cuaiche. duille, m., a leaf; genitive, same. Cáisg, f., Easter; genitive, féile. lá fhéile, the word for “day“ in naming a holy day or saint's day.. stoc, m., live stoc, also a trumpet; genitive, stuic. lón, m., provision; genitive, lóin. fuagair, announce, proclaim; fuagra m., act of announcing, to announce, an an- unciation or proclamation. déirc, f., alms; genitive, déirce. bláithche, see 1127. leamhnacht,f., new milk. beir ar láimh orm, catch me by the hand. literally bear on hand on me. stiall,m., a piece cut off, a cut or strip. cléireach, m., a clerk; gen., cléirigh. suaimhneas, m., rest, repose; genitive, suaimhnis. sop, a wisp, a handful of hay, etc. : genitive suip. buaidh, m., success, victory; gen., buadha greim, m., a bite, also a grasp; genitive, greama. coinín, m., a rabbit; genitive, same. 1382. Translate the following proverbs: Caithfidh duine géilleadh d'á bhacaigheacht. Is fuar clú gan chiste. Is námha an cheird gan a foghlaim. Ní'l amadán ar bith gan a chéill féin. Ní thig ciall roimh aois. Is olc an chríoch bheireas ar fhear chnáide. Nuair a théidheas an gabhar go hursain, ní háil leis go dtéidhidh go haltóir. Tá gach uile dhuine go lághach go dtéidhidh bó i n-a gharrdha. Tá sé chomh gnóthach le sean-mhnaoi ar aonach. Nuair a labharfas an chuach ar chrann gan duille agus thuitfeas Domhnach na Cásga ar Lá Fhéile Muire, díol do stoc agus ceannuigh lón. Tobac i ndiaidh bídh, is ar mhnaoi an tighe atá sin. Má's mian leat aon nídh d'fhuagra, innis mar rún do mhnaoi é. Tá déirc i ndigh bháithche, acht tá dhá dhéirc i ndigh leamhnachta. <L 29a> Má bheireann tú ar mhuic, beir ar chois uirri. Is fuar an rud, clú gan charaid. Is úr stiall de leathar dhuine uile. Dearmad an chléirigh ar a chlog. Is fearr suaimhneas ar shop ná buaidh ar chnoc. Is le gach buin a laogh. Is fearr greim de choinín ná dhá ghreim de chat. EXERCISE CLXXIV. THE ARTICLE AFTER PREPOSITION. 1397. Vocabulary:- geárrcach, m., a young bird; gen., geárrcaigh. iomáin, f., hurling, the game of hurley; gen., iomána. iománaidhe, m., a hurler; gen., same. claidhe, m., a fence of earth or stone; genitive, same. aitin, f., furze, whins; genitive, aitinne. chuala, heard. cuir, sow, plant. <L 30a> buain, reap ; buaint, act of reaping, to reap. congaibh, keep; future, coingeobhad I shall keep; congbháil, act of keeping, to keep. Popular forms: coinnigh, keep, future coinneochad, verbal noun, coinneáil. cómhra, or cófra, f., a coffer, a cup- board, also a coffin; gen., same or cómhran. sliseog, f., a cutting or chip; gen., sliseoige. sail, f., a beam. gar, near; goire, nearer, nearest. geur, sharp; géire, sharper, sharpest. cúil, f., a corner; gen., cúlach. gobadán, m., a kind of sea-bird; gen., gobadáin. tráigh, a strand, an ebb; gen., trágha. freasdail, attend to, serve; freasdal act of attending, &c. cúirt, f., a court; gen., cúirte. bonn, a sole, also a “groat,” fourpence. mair, live; marthain, act of living, to live. 1398. Translate the following pro- verbs:— Is fearr an t-eun atá sa láimh ná an t-eun atá ar an gcraoibh. Is fearr an cú bhíos sa siubhal ná an cú bhíos i lúib. Is geal leis an bhfiach dubh a ghearrcach féin. Nuair is cruaidh don chailligh, caithfidh sí rith. Is maith an t-iománaidh an fear ar an gclaidhe. As an obair thig an fhoghlaim. Is fearr an té chuireas aitin ar an gclaidhe ná an té chuireas caisleán 'san gcoill. Bíonn blas ar an mbeagán. Táir comh breugach leis an bhfear adubhairt go gcuala sé an feur ag fás. Muna gcuiridh tú san earrach, ní bhuain- fidh tú sa bhfoghmar. Ag cur claidhe timcheall guirt, leis an gcuaich do chongbháil istigh. Cuir sa gcómhra é, agus gheobhaidh tú gnó dhe. Sliseoga de'n tsail cheudna. Is maith an bádóir an fear bhíos ar an talamh. An rud is goire do'n chroidhe, is é is goire do'n bheul. Is géire súil sa gcúil ná dhá shúil sa solas (or tsolas). Ní i gcomhnuidhe thig trom-chraobh ó 'n bhfairrge. Ní thig leis an ngobadán an dá thráigh do fhreasdal. Is fearr focal sa gcúirt (chúirt) ná bonn sa sparán. Luigh leis an uan, agus éirigh leis an eun. Bonn mór ar an gcapall mbeag. Maireann an chraobh ar an bhfál, agus ní mhaireann an lámh do chuir. EXERCISE CLXXV. DATIVE PLURAL. 1399. The dative plural of nouns always ends in ibh or aibh. 1400. If the nominative plural(up to now called simply “the plural”) ends in e the dative plural is formed by changing —e into —ibh, as doirse, doors, doirsibh; súile, eyes, súilibh; Críostaidhthe, Christians, Críostaighthibh. 1401. If the nominative plural ends in -a or in a consonant, the dative plural ends in —aibh, as ubhla, apples, ubhlaibh; coin, hounds, conaibh; báird, bards, bárdaibh. 1402. If the nominative plural is made to end —í (119, 1215), the dative plural is written by addibh bh, as iasgairí, fishermen, iascairíbh; bádóirí, boat- men, bádóiríbh. The dative plural of bean is mnáibh and the dative plural of bó is buaibh. 1406. Before the plural article na as well as before the singular article an, the prepositions i, in, and le, with, have s added to them, as is na bádaibh or ins na bádaibh, in the boats; leis na hubhlaibh, with the apples. <L 31a> SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH PART V. — CONTINUED. EXERCISE CLXXV. — Continued. THE DATIVE OF ADJECTIVES. 1407. After a masculine noun in the dative singular, an adjective has the same form as after the nominative singular, an fear mór, the big man, ó 'n bhfear mór, from the big man. 1408. After a feminine noun in the dative singular, an adjective ending in a broad consonant must have the final con- sonant attenuated, as bean mhór, a big woman, do'n mhnaoi mhóir, to the big woman. 1411. io becomes i: fear fionn, a fair man; bean fhionn, a fair woman; mac an fhir fhinn, the son of the fair man; mac na mná finne, the son of the fair woman; mac do'n mhnaoi fhinn, a son (“to”) the fair woman. 1412. Ío becomes í: sgeul fíor, a true story; ag innsint sgéil fhír, (at) telling (of) a true story. 1413. Ea becomes i: lá geal, a bright day; oidhche gheal, a bright night; deireadh lae ghil, the end of a bright day; deireadh oidhche gile, the end of a bright night; 'san oidhche ghil, in the bright night. 1414. Ea becomes sometimes ei: an lámh dheas, the right hand; ordóg na láimhe deise, the thumb of the right hand; ar do láimh dheis, on your right hand side. 1415. Eu becomes éi: sgian gheur, a sharp knife; Cos na sgine géire, the handle of the sharp knife; leis an sgin ghéir (or ngéir) with the sharp knife. 1416. Ia becomes éi: fear fial, a generous man; man fir fhéil, a generous man's son; mac mná féile, a generous woman's son; mac do'n mhnaoi fhéil, a son of the generous woman. 1417. O short becomes ui: crann crom, a bent tree; bun an chruinn chruim, the foot of the bent tree; bun na fuinnseoige cruime, the foot of the bent ash-tree; fá'n fhuinnseoig chruim (or gcruim) under the bent ash-tree. 1418. In the dative feminine, as well as in the genitive masculine and feminine, the endin —ach in an adjective becomes —aigh, and —each becomes —igh: as bean bhreugach, a lying woman; do'n mhnaoi bhreugaigh, to the lying woman; tír chairrgeach, a rocky country; i dtír chairrgigh, in a rocky country. 1424. Vocabulary:— dúthchas, m., nature, inborn character; genitive, dúthchais. tar lear, beyond the sea. líon, fill; líontar, is filled. póirín, m., a small potato; pór, m., seed. dealbh, poor, needy. stoca, m., stocking. dóigh, burn; dóighte, burnt. leac, f., a flat stone, flag; plural, leaca, leacacha, leacracha. sleamhain, smooth, slippery; plural, sleamhna. socair, easy, gently, settled. seod, m., or f., a precious thing, a gem. aibhne, plural of abha or abhainn, a river. 1425. Translate the following pro- verbs — Ceo soininne ar aibhnibh agus ceo doininne ar chnocaibh. Briseann an dúthchas tré shúilibh an chait. Bíonn adharca móra ar na buaibh tar lear. Líontar an sac le póirínibh. Ní maith leis na mnáibh dealbha an bhláthach. Stocaidhe bána ar shálaibh dóighte. Bíonn leacacha sleamhna i dtighthibh daoine uaisle. Labhair go socair, bíonn cluasa ag ballaibh. <L 32a> Seoda i gcluasaibh na muc. Seasamh fada ar chosaibh laga. Ní thig gaoth as aer nach mbíonn ni seoltaibh duine éigin. 1443. Irregular Comparatives:— beag, little comp. lugha, less mór, large comp. mó, larger, more fada, long comp. faide, longer fada, long comp. sia, longer geárr, short comp. giorra, shorter maith, good comp. fearr, better olc, bad comp. measa, worse iomdha, many comp. mó, lia, more furusa, easy comp. fusa, easier te, hot comp. teo hotter treun, strong comp. treise, as well as tréine, stronger gránna, ugly comp. gráinne, uglier. gar, near comp. goire, nearer árd, high comp. áirde, aoirde, higher 1451. Vocabulary:— cabhair, or cobhair, f., help. Gen. cabhra, cobhra. frighid f., a fleshworm, a mite. urchóid, f., a vice. Gen. urchóide. ísleán, m., a hollow; íseal, low. dona, wretched, bad, poor; opposite of sona. píopán, m., windpipe, neck. anachain, f., distress. luighe, lying (in reference to a shoe), pressing. a, whom, which, after a preposition. cirte, comparative of ceart. sgaoil, loosen, let go. Verbal noun, sgaoileadh. grinn, genitive of greann, fun, humour. seirbhe, comparative of searbh. guirt, bitter. gainne, comparative of gann, scarce. roinn, divide. Verbal noun, roinnt. leath, f., a half, a side. Genitive, leithe. meath, m., failure. sáruigh, overcome, outdo, beat. Verbal noun, sárughadh. diabhal, m., devil. Gen., diabhail. lia is often used with a sigular noun where plural noun is used in English. 1452. Proverbs: Is goire cabhair Dé ná an doras. Ní lugha frighid ná máthair na hurchóide (máthair = mother, i.e. origin). Ní lia ísleán sona ann ná árdán dona ann, mar adubhairt an fear agus é ag ithe píopáin an ghanndail. <L 34a> Nuair is mó an anachain, is eadh is goire an chabhair. An té ar a mbíonn an bhróg ag luighe, is dó is cirte í sgaoileadh. Do dhuine gan náire is fusa a ghnó dheunamh. An duine saidhbhir ag deunamh grinn, Deirid uile gur binn a ghlór: Acht is seirbhe ná an searbhán guirt. An duine bocht ag deunamh ceoil. Nuair is gainne an biadh, is eadh is cirte a roinnt. Is fearr leath na meath. Is dána muc ná gabhar, acht sháruigh bean an diabhal. 1453. Vocabulary: slat, f., rod. Genitive, slaite. buaine, comparative of buan, lasting. feadar, I know; feadair sé, he knows. Only used after ní, nach (ná), an. Now only used in the South. leas, m., benefit, improvement. Genitive, leasa. lár a leasa, the middle (i.e., essence, utmost) of his good. copán, m., a cup. Genitive, copáin. dóirt, or doirt, spill, pour out. Ver- bal noun, dórtadh or dortadh. cách, everybody, the rest. síl, think, often saoil in books. preuchán, m., a crow. Genitive preucháin. fiach dubh, same as fiach, a raven. cuir do bhóthar dhíot, put your road from you, step out. rath, m., success. eadtrom, light. Opposite of trom. iomchur, verbal noun of iomchuir, carry. eusgaidhe, or eusgtha, comparative of eusgaidh, quick, rapid. neoin, afternoon, evening. cuideachta, f., company. Genitive cuideachtan. do-fhaghála, hard to get. So-fhaghála, easy to get. áilne, áille, comparative of áluinn, beautiful. teann, stiff, tight. gnás, m., custom. Genitive, gnása. 1454. Proverbs: Is minic a bhain duine slat do bhuail- feadh é féin. Is beag an rud is buaine ná an duine. An rud is measa le duine (683), ní fheadar sé nach chum lár a leasa é. Nuair bhíos an copán lán, is eadh is goire dhó é dhórtadh. Ní lia smeur sa bhfoghmhar ná iad. Ní measa cách ná Conchobhar. Síleann an preuchán gur deise a eun féin ná aon eun eile sa gcoill. Bíonn muirighin níos mó ag dreoilín ná ag fiach dubh. “Cuir do bhóthar dhíot, beidh do rath go h-eudtrom ort.” “Má 's eudtrom, is fusa dhom é iomchar.” Is eusgaidhe neoin ná maidin. Is fearr bheith i n-aonar ná i ndroch- chuideachtain. An seod do-fhaghála, is é is áilne. Is marig labhras go teann. An rud is goire do'n chroidhe, is é is goire do'n bheul. Ní lia tír ná gnás. 1455. Vocabulary: mionnán, m., a kid. Genitive, mionnáin. leun, m., misfortune. Genitive, léin. annamh, seldom, rare. iongantach, contracted to eentach or oontach, wonderful. inntleacht, f., intellect, mind. beach, f., a bee. Genitive, beiche. taoide, f., tide. sgórnach, f., throat. Genitive, sgornaighe. réidhteach, m., verbal noun of réidhtigh, set free, fix, arrange. spórt, m., a spur. Genitive, spuir. ar iarraidh, wanting, missing. géire comparative of geur, sharp. ceárd, f., or ceird, f., a trade. Geni- tive, ceirde. oileamhain, or oileamhaint, f., rearing, nuture, upbringing. Genitive, oileamhna. 1456. Proverbs: Is gearr go mbeidh an mionnán níos measa ná an sean-ghabhar. Má's gearr ó indiu go dtí indé, is giorra bhíos an leun ag teacht. An chuairt is fearr, cuairt ghearr agus gan í dhéanamh acht go hannamh. An rud is annamh, is iongantach. Tá trí ruda is deacra a thuigsint sa domhan, inntleacht na mban, obair na mbeach, teacht agus imtheacht na taoide. An gad is goire don sgórnaigh, is cóir é réidhteach ar dtús. Nuair is mó an spórt, is cóir stad de. An té nach dtéid ag marcaigheacht acht go h-annamh, bíonn a spuir ar iarraidh. An rud is giorra is géire. Ní lia ceann ná ceárd. Is treise dúthchas na oileamhain.
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