SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH.
PART V. — CONTINUED.

DUILLEACÁN AN IRISLEABHAIR

SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH.

PART V.

EXERCISE CLXVII. — continued.

Fanfaidh tú annso nó go bhfeicfir mise
ag teacht ar ais. Annsin cuirfidh tú suas
an fhuinneog, agus léimfidh tú amach ar an
sráid, agus rithfidh tú síos go dtí an tobar agus
suidhfir ar an gclaidhe atá le hais an
tobair. An ndeanfaidh tú sin? Deunfad.
Leigfidh mise an fhuinneog anuas annsin,
agus dúnfad an doras. Sílfidh siad annsin
gur tú atá istigh.

1263. EXAMPLES:-
fonn, fancy; fonnmhar, desirous.
greann, fun; greannmhar, funny, amusing.
glóir, glory; glórmhar, glorious.
feur, grass, feurmhar, grassy.
seun, happiness; seunmhar, happy.
ceol, music; ceolmhar, musical.
luach, value; luachmhar, valuable.
ciall, sense; ciallmhar, intelligent.
neart, power; neartmhar, powerful.
ádh, luch; ádhmhar, lucky.
líon(an old word for)number; líonmhar, numerous.
sgáth, a shadow; sgáthmhar, shy, startled.

1265. EXAMPLES:-

árd, high; árduigh, raise.
bán, white; bánuigh, whiten.
deas, pretty; deasuigh, put in order.
lag, weak; laguigh, weaken.
slán, well; slánuigh.
tirm, dry; tiormuigh, dry.
bás, death; básuigh, injure mortally.
obair, work; oibrigh, operate.

1266. FURTHER EXAMPLES:-
bocht, poor; bochtuigh, impoverish.
bodhar, deaf; bodhruigh, make deaf.
ainm, name; ainmnigh, name.
beatha, life; beathuigh, nourish.
cneas, skin; cneasaigh, form skin over wound.
cuimhne, memory; cuimhnigh, remember, recollect,
think.

1267.FURTHER EXAMPLES:-
ceart, right; ceartuigh, correct.
cóir, proper; córuigh, fix properly.
mín, fine; mínigh, explain.
cuid, part; cuidigh(le), take part with, assist.
cúl, back of head; cúluigh, retire backwards.
saothar, exertion; saothruigh, labour, cultivate.
íseal, low; ísligh, lower.
cuairt, a visit; cuartuigh, search.
leas, improvement; leasuigh, improve.
neart, strength; neartuigh, strengthen.

---

L. 18a

1270. EXAMPLES(future of arduigh, raise):-
árdóchad, I shall raise.
árdóchair, thou wilt raise.
árdóchaidh, he, she, it will raise.
árdóchthaoi, ye wilt raise.

1271. EXAMPLE(future mínigh; explain):-
míneochad, I shall explain.
míneochair, thou wilt explain.
míneochaidh, he, she, it will explain.

1273. VOCABULARY:—
Beul-Átha-Na-Sluaigheadh
Ballinasloe: lit. the mouth of the ford of the hostings.
feudaim, I can, I am able.
cineál: kind, sort, species
sórt: kind, sort, species
sórd: kind, sort, species
seort: kind, sort, species
saghas: kind, sort, species
is eol dom, I know.

1274. An mbeidh tú ag dul go h-aonach
Béil-Átha-Na-Sluaigheadh? Beidhead. Éir-
eochaidh mé ar a trí a chlog ar maidin i
mbárach, agus imtheochad as so ar a ceathair a
chlog. An gceannóchaidh tú capall ann?
Ceannóchad trí chapaill, má fheudaim an
cineál ceart d'fhagháil ar an aonach, agus iad
saor. Ní bheathóchaidh an pháirc mhór trí
capaill. Ní bheathóchaidh, acht cuirfimid ar
an sliabh iad go ceann tamaill. Cuimhnigh
ar an diallaid úd nár cheannuighis nuair
bhís i nGaillimh. Cuimhneochad, Fiafróchaidh
mé d'fhear an tsiopa an bhfuil diallaid
mhaith aige, agus má tá, árdóchad
liom í. Tá eagla orm go mbochtóchaidh an
t-aonach so thú. Imthigh agus ná bodhruigh sinn.

1278. EXAMPLES:-
dath, colour; dathamhail, well-coloured.
lá, day; laethe, days; laetheamhail, daily.
gráin, disgust; gráineamhail, hateful.
meas, esteem; measamhail, estimable.
clú, fame; clúmhail, famous.
cara, friend; cáirde, friends; cáirdeamhail, friendly.
croidhe, heart; croidheamhail, hearty, gay.
fear, man; fearamhail, manly.
rí, en. riogh, king; ríoghamhail, kingly, royal.
ainm, name; ainmeamhail, noted, reknowned.
flaith, prince; flaitheámhail, princely.
caoi, a way; caoitheamhail, opportune.
bean, a woman, gen. ban, banamhail, womanly.

SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH.
PART V.

EXERCISE CLXIX. — Continued.

1279. Adjectives ending in —amhail
form the genitive, both
masculine and feminine, in —amhla(pr.
-uwla, —oola, with a nasal sound of mh), as,
ag léigheadh an leabhair ainmeamhla, reading
the famous book, le haghaidh na hoibre
laetheamhla, for(the purpose of) the daily
work.

CONTRACTED VERBS.

1283. Many verbs of syllables drop
the vowel of the second syllable when any
ending commencing with a vowel is added.
We shall take the verbs innis, tell, and
osgail(or fosgail), open, as examples.

1284. Imperative(See 950).
Sing. e, innis, t, innseadh, plur. i. innsimís, 2,
innsidh, 3, innsidís

Osgail, osgladh, osglamaois, osglaoidh, osgladaois
or osglaidís.

1285. Present(See 990).
Innsim, innsir, innseann, innsimíd, innsid.
Osglaim, osglair, osglann, osglamaoid, osgailtí,
osglaid.

1286. Optative(see 1253).
Innsead, innsir, innsidh, innsimíd, innsid.

1287. Imperfect(see 1188).
D'innsinn, d'innsiteá, d'innseadh, d'innsimís, d'inn-
sidís.
D'oslainn, d'osgailteá, d'osgladh, d'osgamaois,
d'osgadaois, or d'osglaidís.
1288. Past(see 1207)
D'innseas, d'innsis, d'innis, d'innseamar, d'inns-
eadar, d'innseadar.
D'osglas, d'osglais, d'osgail, d'osglamar, d'osgla-
bhar, d'osgladar.
1289. Like innis(in omitting the vowel of the second
syllable when a vowel begins the added syllable) are
imir, play, díbir, banish, cuimil, rub,
aithin, recognize, etc.

1290. Like osgail are cosain, labhair, siubhail,
codail, sleep: seachain, avoid,
beware of; abair, say; bagair, threaten;
ceangail, bind. In the case of codail, when
the d and l come together, they sound like ll, as codlaim,
pr. kul'im, I sleep.

FUTURE OF CONTRACTED VERBS.

1293. Examples: innis, innseosad, I shall tell;
inneasair, thou wilt tell, etc. Imir, imeorad; díbir,
díbeorad; cuimil, cuimeolad; aithin, aitheonad.

Osgail, oisgeolad; labhair, laibheorad; codail,
coideolad; abair, aibeorod; ceangail, ceingeolad.

1294. Labharfad, I shall speak; siubhalfad, I shall
walk; seachanfad, I shall avoid, are instances of the con-
tracted verbs with the future in f.

1295. The future of contracted verbs
is now formed as if the imperative ended
in igh.

1296. Examples: Imir, imreochadh;
díbir, díbreochad; cuimil, cuimleochad;
aithn, aithneochad; osgail, osglóchad; labhair, labhró-
chad; codail, codlóchad; abair

abróchad; ceangail, ceanglóchad; siubhal, siubhlóchadh
or siubhalfad; seachain, seachnóchad.

1297. The future of innis is in Munster inneosad
as formerly. Elsewhere innseochad.

1298. Vocabulary.
bitheamhnach, thief, villain.
riar, order, regulation.
riaramhail, subject, obedient, docile.
bochtanacht, f., poverty.
cruadhtan, cruadhtain,f. hardship.
seod, m., a precious thing, gen. seoid.
fill, return; filleadh, returning.
i gcaitheamh, during, followed by genitive.
macánta, honest, well-behaved.

In Ulster, till and pill are used in this meaning.

ceadlongadh, m., a literary word
for the vulgar breicfeasta, breakfast.
Solamh, Solomon.
Dáibhidh, also Daithí, David.
Brian Bóramha (bo'rumu, bo'roo), or Bóroimhe
(bo'rive), Brian Boru.
bláth, bloom, a flower, plural, blátha.
fosgadh or fasgadh, shelter,
gen., —aidh.

1299. Bhí rí ann fad' ó, agus is fear
dathamhail croidheamhail cáirdeamhail flaith-
eamhail do bhí ann. Do chosnadh sé a thír
go fearamhail, agus do dhíbreodh sé aisti gach
bitheamhnach agus gach droch-dhuine nach mbíodh
riaramhail dó. Acht na deagh-dhaoine go
léir, bhídís ag caitheamh beathadh aoibhne
socra saidhbhire gan bochtanacht gan cruadh-
tain. Dá gcróchadh duine fáinne óir nó
seod luachmhar ar bith ar chrann le taobh an
bhóthair, agus dá n-imthigheadh sé leis annsin
gan filleadh ar ais go ceann bliadhna, agus
go siubhlfadh na mílte an tslighe sin i
gcaitheamh na bliadhna, bhíodh an fáinne nó
an seod le fagháil ar an gcrann roimhe ag
teacht ar ais dó.

Seachnóchaidh mé an droch-dhuine agus ní
baoghal dom an duine macánta.

Tar éis mo cheudlongaidh(nó, mo bhreic-
feasta) siubhlóchaidh mé (nó, siubhalfaidh
mé) míle, tar éis mo dhinnéir, caithfidh mé
píopa, agus tar éis mo shuipéir, codlóchaidh mé
an oidhche, agus éireochaidh mé ar maidin gan
tuirse gan sgíth orm.

Ba chosamhail an rí úd le Solamh mac
Dháibhidh nó le Brian Bóramha rí Éireann.

Ar feadh na haimsire teo tirime,
bhíodh na héin(nó, na heunacha)ag deunamh
ceoil bhinn, acht beidh siad(nó, beid) 'na
dtost as so amach go deireadh an gheimhridh
chruaidh fhuair. Ní bheidh blátha buidhe an
tsamhraidh le feicsint ar fud an mhachaire
fhairrsing réidh, ná duilleabhar glas na
coilleadh craobhaighe os ar gcionn ag deun-
namh fosgaidh dhúinn ó'n teas agus ó'n bhfear-
thainn.

EXERCISE CLXX.

THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES.

1300. In English, adjectives are the
same in singular and plural. But in Irish,
as in other languages, adjectives have a
plural form when they qualify a plural
noun. The plural is the same in form
whether the noun be masculine or feminine.
1301. Adjectives ending in a broad
consonant form the plural by adding a.
Lá fuar, a cold day; laetheanta fuara,
cold days. Cnoc árd, a high hill; cnuic
árda, high hills.

1302. Adjectives ending in a slender
consonant form the plural by adding e.
Bean mhaith, a good woman; mná maithe,
good women. Áit fholláin, a healthy place;
áiteacha folláine, healthy places.

1303. A few adjectives ending in a slender consonant
form the plural in —a, as cóir, córa; deacair, deacra;
socair, socra.

1304. All adjectives ending in —mhail
end in —mhla in the plural, as daoine fear-
amhla, manly people.

1305. Uasal “noble” becomes uaisle
in the plural; duine uasal, a gentleman, daoine
uaisle, gentlemen, gentlefolk(of both sexes). Iseal
low, not noble, plural ísle.

1306. When an adjective ends in a
vowel, it undergoes no changes, whatever
in termination, either in singular or plural.
Duine aosta, an aged person; comhairle
dhuine aosta, an aged person's advice;
daoine aosta, aged people.

1307. Te “hot” is an exception. It becomes teó
both in the genitive singular feminine and in the plural.
D'éis na haimsire teó, after the hot weather. Na
laetheanta teó, the hot days. Beo “living” follows the
general rule, except after Dé, the genitive of Dia, “God.”
as briathar Dé bhí, the words of the living God. Mac Dé
bhí, the Son of the living God.

1308. When the plural of the noun
ends in a slender consonant, the initial con-
sonant of an adjective following it is
aspirated, as fir mhóra, big men; lachain
bhána, white ducks(123).

1309. beidhead, I shall be.
rachad, I shall go.
tiocfad, I shall come.
adeurfad
or deurfad
beurfad, I shall
bear, bring
beurfad ar, I shall catch
do bheurfad or bheurfad
tiubhrad, after certain particles. I shall give, bring.

geobhad
geabhad
do gheobhad or gheobhad
do gheabhad or gheabhad
fuighead
íosad
muirbhfead, more commonly
maróbhad or mairieobhad, I shall kill.

1310. The forms adeurfad, deurfad, beurfad,
bheurfad, were formerly always adeur or adeurad,
beurad, do bheur or do bheurad. The rule was that
when a short vowel in the present(adeir, &c.) became
a long vowel in the future, no f was added. This rule is
still observed in the future ending in —óchad or —eochad.

1311. The first a in adeurfad and the do in do
bheurad, do gheobhad, do gheabhad, though not being
accented, are now commonly dropped altogether, thogh
formerly they formed part of the word. See 763, 694,
1039.

1312. Instead of bheurad or tiubhrad, I shall give,
tabharfad is frequently used, especially in Munster. It
is a new formation from the
imperative tabhair.

1316. Vocabulary.
garsún, a small boy.
seasg, dry, i.e., not milking.
mart, m. a steer or beeve.
reamhar, fat.
gamhain, m., a calf(usually over six months).
láracha, plural of láir, mare.
bromach, m., a fool, a colt.
eudrom, light; cos-eudtrom, lightfooted.
géadh, gé, m, goose, plural, géadhna
glas means greyish as well as green.
ceannaidhe, a merchant, trader.
earraidhe, plural, wares, goods.
rinnce, m., dancing, capering.
mná feasa, women of knowledge, “wise-women.”
tinncéir, tinker.
saor, a craftsman, artizan.
ceardaidhe, tradesman, craftsman.
ceird,f., a trade or craft, an occupation.
stróichthe, torn.
tá súil agam, I hope, expect.
amhras, m., doubt, gen. amhrais.
dochar, m., harm, gen. dochair.

1317. Bhí aonach ann an lá sin. Bhí
daoine móra ann agus daoine beaga, daoine
uaisle agus daoine ísle, daoine bochta agus daoine
saidhbhre, fir óga agus mná óga, sean-mhná agus
sean-daoine, cailíní agus garsúin bheaga. Bhí
ba bainne ann agus ba seasga, mairt reamhra
agus gamhna beag geala, láracha agus bromaigh,
capaill bhreágha móra agus capaill bheaga cos-
eudtroma, muca reamhra agus bainbh, caoirigh
agus asail, cearca agus coiligh agus lachain, géadhna
bána agus géadhna glasa agus ganndail. Bhí
tighearnaidhe talmhan ann agus ceannaidhthe
earraidh, lucht ceoil agus lucht rinnce, mná
feasa, agus tinncéirí, saoir adhmaid agus saoir
chloiche, ceardaidhthe gan cheird, táilliúirí agus
cótaidhe stóicthe orra, agus greusaidhthe beaga
breugacha agus bróga briste orra.

An bhfuighidh tú na leabhra nuadha úd dom?

Gheabhad má's féidir, agus mura bhfuighead,
tá súil agam go bhfuighead na leabhra eile,
má's maith leat iad.

An rachaidh Séamus go Corgaigh i mbárach?

Ní rachaidh. Ní thiocfaidh sé ar ais as
Gaillimh go ceann seachtmhaine eile.

An dtiubhraidh sé leis an capall úd do
cheannuigh sé i nGaillimh?

Bheurfaidh gan amhras. Ní fheudfaidh sé
é fhágáil 'na dhiaidh.

An n-íosaidh sibh feoil nó iasg. Ár ndóigh,
íosamaoid an dá chuid. Ní dhéanfaidh
siad dochar ar bith d'á chéile.

An codlóchaidh sibh sa' mbaile anocht.
Budh dheacair a rádh.
Caithfimid imtheacht go luath ar maidin.

END OF PART V.

SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH.

PART V. CONTINUED.

[The following exercises on the condtitional and relative
forms of verbs are added to Part V.]

In 1298, the following are omitted:—
le feicsint, to be seen; le fagháil, to be found; le
deunamh, to be done.

le in the foregoing and similar phrases placed before a
verbal noun expresses what is possible or necessary.
machaire, m., open country, a plain.
réidh, smooth, clear of obstacles].

1324. Example:
(do) chreidfinn, I should believe
(do) chreidfeá, Thou wouldst believe
(do) chreidfeadh, He,she, it would believe
(do) chreidfimís, We should believe
(do) chreidfeadh sibh, Ye would believe
(do) chreidfidís, They would believe.

1325. Example:
(do) mholfainn, I should praise.
(do) mholfá, thou wouldst praise.
(do) mholfadh, he, she, it would praise.
(do) mholfamaois, we should praise.
(do) mholfadh sibh, ye should praise.
(do) mholfadaois or mholfaidís, they would praise.

1329. Examples for translation: Mo chuid leabhar
(see 847). Do chuid ubhall. Crann agus a chuid freumh.
Bhur gcuid cloch. Sean-bhean agus a cuid cearc. Iad agus
a gcuid cleas. Cláriseach agus a cuid teud. Ár gcuir
seod. Distinguish between obair mo mhic and obair
mo mhac. Mórán cnámh. Beagán focal. Iomad
copán. An oiread sin bád. Cá mheud colm? Os
cionn a gcaisleán. I bhfochair bhur mbárd. I n-aice
do bhróg.

1330. Sometimes, when the final consonant is slender
in the nominative singular, it becomes broad in the

genitive plural(ie. the vowel is omitted), as súil, an
eye, gen. pl., súl. Os comhair mo shúl, before my eyes.
Radharc a súl, the sight of their eyes.

1342. Vocabulary:
d'abróchainn, conditional of abair, say.
sgeul, story, also means a matter, an affair.
déidheanach, late, last.
tiocfad, I shall come(future of tigim).
shíos, down; also spelled thíos.
ca bhfios, how is it known? Who can tell?
ca bhfios dúinn, how can you know or tell?
cleamhnas, a match or marriage alliance.
pós, marry.
caidé, what.
geit or geite, m. a start, a fright.
tuairim, f. a guess, an opinion.
dá shúil, two eyes.
cogadh, m. war.
dall, as a noun, means a blind person.
Séadna, a man's name.
Sadhbh(seiv, or sa-wh'), f. a woman's name.

1342. Translate:

Ní abróchainn go raibh an sgeul chomh olc
sin ar fad. Nuair thiocfadh an lá déidheanach,
ní bheidheadh thíos leis acht é féin. Cionnus
bheidheadh an sgeul aici, dá ndéanadh Séadna
mar dhéanfadh Seaghan Buidhe?

Dubhairt sé leis féin, “Ca bhfios an
mairfinn na trí bliadhna deug féin?”

Dubhairt Sadhbh gur bh'í féin do bhris an
cleamhnas, agus aon chleamhnas do dhéanfaidís
do Shéadhna, go mbrisfeadh sí ar an gcuma
gcéadna é, nuair ná pósfadh(= nach
bpósfadh)sé í féin.

Caidé an geit do bhainfeadh fear na
n-adharc aisti!

Is é mo thuairim, má bhainfeadh sé geit
aisti, go mbainfeadh sí geit as. B'fhéidir go
gcaithfeadh sí an t-uisge te idir an dá shúil
air.

Ní buan cogadh na gcarad.

I ndomhan na ndall, is rí fear aon-
tsúile.

Caithfidh fear na mbróg bheith amuigh.

1344. Adjectives have the same form
in the genitive plural as they have in the
nominative singular. Example: fear mór,
a big man; teach na bhfear mór, the house
of the big men.

1345. The genitive plural of nouns
causes eclipsis in the initial consonant of the
adjective that follows, and if several adjec-
tives follow, each is eclipsed. Example:
tír na bhfear gcródha gcalma, the land of
the brave, valorous men.
If the adjective commences with
a vowel, n- is prefixed as in the other
instances of eclipsis already given. Exam-
ple: sluagh na bhfear n-óg n-áluinn, the
host of the young handsome men.

1349. Examples of relative forms:
verb Relative Present Relative Future
mol mholas mholfas
creid chreideas chreidfeas
árduigh árduigheas árdóchas

1350. In the northern half of Ireland, there is a
corrupt form of the relative present in common use,
mholanns, chreideanns, formed by adding s to the 3rd
person singular of the present, molann, creideann.

1351. In the southern half of Ireland, especially in
the eastern part of Munster, the relative forms, both
present and future, have almost gone out of popular use,
though they are probably pretty generally understoon.
Instead of them, the ordinary form of the third person
singular is used, with the intitial aspirated, mholann,
chreideann, mholfaidh, chreidfidh.

1352. The relative form is never used
after nach.

1353. During recent times it has become usual to
prefix the particle do, or its broken form a, to the verb
in a relative clause. This particle has been erroneously
termed a relative pronoun. Example: an fear a
bhuaileas for an fear bhuaileas, the man who strikes.

1354. Examples of use of relative forms:

An té shiubhlas bóthar fada, meileann sé min agus
garbh. He who travels a long road,(he) grinds (both)
fine and course.

An té shiubhalfas(or shiubhlóchas) bóthar fada, meilfidh
sé min agus garbh. He who will travel a long road
will grind fine and course.

An té nach siubhlann bóthar fada, ní mheileann sé
min agus garbh. He who does not walk a long road will
not grind fine and course.

An té nach siubhalfaidh(or nach siubhlóchaidh)bóthar
fada, ní mheilfidh sé min agus garbh. He who will not
travel a long road, will not grind fine and course.

1355. Nach eclipses the initial conso-
nant and prefixes n- to initial vowels,
of verbs only. There is another form ná,
which does not change initial consonants,
and prefixes h- to vowels.

1356. Vocabulary.
croiceann, m., skin.
óige, f., youth.
foghnamh, m., use, service, usefulness.
fiuchadh, act of boiling.
aitinn, f., furze, whins.
iomchair, carry.

1357. Translate:
Is mairg bhíos thíos an ceud lá.
An rud sgríobhas an púca, léigheann sé
féin é.
Is iomdha croiceann chuireas an óige dhi.
Is luachmhar an nídh an óige do'n té
chuireas í ar foghnamh.
Ní h-iad na mná deasa chuirfeas pota
ar fiuchadh.
Is fearr an té chuirfeas aitinn ar chlaidhe
'ná an té chuirfeas caisleán 'san gcoill.
Is minic bhaineas duine slat bhuailfeas
é féin.
An fear nach n-iomcharann a chóta an lá
breágh, ní bhíonn sé aige an lá fliuch.
Sliabh na mban bhfionn.
Ciarraighe na bhfear bhfial.

EXERCISE CLXXIII.

THE DATIVE CASE.

1358. The DATIVE CASE of a noun is
the form used after a preposition.

1359. Only two classes of nouns have
a distinct form for the dative case singular:
(1) feminine nouns ending in a broad con-
sonant, and (2) nouns of the fifth declension
(1095, &c).

1360. In all other nouns, with a very
few exceptions, the dative singular is the
same in form as the nominative singular.

1361. Feminine nouns ending in a
broad consonant for their dative case by
attenuation, i.e., by changing the broad
consonant into a slender one(just as the
genitive case is formed in the first declen-
sion, 836). Examples: bróg, a shoe,
dative, bróig; cos, a foot, dative,
cois; lámh, a hand, dative, láimh.

1362. Give the dative singular and meaning of each
of the following feminine nouns: fuinnseog, driseog,
ordóg, fuinneog, ubh, sál, adharc, glún, lúb, luch,
srón, bos, muc.

1363. Sometimes attenuation is accom-
panied by a change of vowel, as ciall,
sense, dative, céill; clann, chil-
dren, dative, cloinn. See 883, 931.

1364. Further examples:
sgríob, a scrape, dative, sgríb.
fearg, anger, dative, feirg.
cearc, a hen, dative, circ.

1365. For nouns of the second declension(912), this
rule for forming the dative may be stated in another way:
the dative is formed by omitting the final e of the genitive.
This applies to all examples given above.

1366. When ch final is
attenuated in forming the dative, it changes
into gh, as it does in forming a genitive
(891, 892, 937). Cailleach, an old
woman, dative, cailligh; gealach, a moon,
dative, gealaigh.

1367. In these words the final gh is sounded y in
Connaught and Ulster, and as g in Munster(891,893).

1368. In the fifth declension, all words
form the genitive, as we have seen, by
adding a broad consonant. The dative is
formed by making this consonant slender,
as Alba, Scotland, dative, Albain; Éire,
Ireland, dative, Éirinn; cara, a friend,
dative, caraid; teine, fire, dative, teinidh;
caora, a sheep, dat., caoraigh.

1371. Nouns ending in —acht do not
change in the dative singular, though they
are nearly all feminine.

371. Nouns in —acht are usually formed from adjec-
tives and denote qualities:

beodha, lively; beodhacht, liveliness.
mórdha, majestic; mórdhacht, majesty.
cródha, brave; cródhacht, bravery.
breágh, fine; breághacht, beuty.
diadha, divine; diadhacht, divinity.
nuadh, new; nuaidheacht, news.
uasal, noble; uaisleacht, nobility.
seanda, ancient; seandacht, antiquity.
críonna, prudent; críonnacht, prudence.
naomhtha, holy; naomhthacht, holiness.
geárr, short; giorracht, shortness.
greannmhar, amusing; greannmhaireacht, amusingness.
glórmhar, glorious; glórmhaireacht, gloriousness.
líonmhar, numerous; líonmhaireacht, numerousness.
íseal, low; ísleacht, lowness.
gráineamhail, hateful; gráineamhlacht, hatefulness.
fearamhail, manly; fearamhlacht, manliness.
cosamhail, like, resembling; cosamhlacht, resemblance.
déidheanach, late; déidheanacht, lateness.

1372. The foregoing are feminine, but fuacht,
cold, coldness, from fuar, cold, is masculine. All nouns
formed in —acht from other words form the genitive by
addina —a, as fear na críonnachta, the man of (the)
prudence. But in the spoken language this a is often
dropped.

1373. Irregular datives:
sliabh, m., a mountain; genitive, sléibhe, dative, sléibh.
teach, m., house; genitive, tighe, dative, tigh.
lá, m., day; genitive, lae, dative, ló.

bean, f., woman, wife; genitive, mná, dative, mnaoi.
deoch, f., drink; genitive, dighe, dative, digh.
sgian, f., knife; genitive, sgine, dative, sgin.
briathar, f., word; gen., bréithre, dat.,
bréithir.
bó, f., a cow; dative, buin.

1374. In colloquial Irish, the nominatives are often
used instead of the irregular datives. This sometimes
happens also in the case of regular nouns. On the other
hand the dative is sometimes used instead of the nomina-
tive, as péist instead of piast, f., a
worm; caraid for cara, a friend; námhaid
for námha, an enemy;
tigh for teach, a house.

THE DUAL NUMBER.

1375. After the numeral dá or dhá, two,
a special form of the noun is used, which
is neither singular nor plural. This form
is called the DUAL number of a noun.

1376. The dual number is always the
same in form as the dative singular: dhá
leabhar, two books; dhá láimh, two hands;
an dá chuid, the two parts; an dá chois, the
two feets.

1377. The d of dá is usually aspirated,
unless it follows a word ending in d, t, l,
n or s(DENTALS),or the feminine possessive
adjective a, her, its.

1378. “Two” followed by a noun is dá
dor dhá. Not followed by a noun, it is dó
or dhó.

1379. All cases, nominative, geni-
tive, dative and vocative, have the same
form in the dual number.

1380. The plural form of an adjective,
with the intitial consonant aspirated, follows
a noun in the dual number, as dhá láimh
gheala, two white hands.

1381. Vocabulary:

géill, yield, submit, give in. géilleadh, act of
yielding, etc., to yield, etc.
d'á or dh'á=do a, to his, her, its, their.
bacaigheacht,f., lameness.
ciste, m., a chest, a treasury; genitive, same.
ceird, f., a trade or occupation; genitive, ceirde.
a foghlaim, the learning of it, to learn it(a feminine).
críoch, f., an end; genitive, críche.
cnáid, f., mockery; genitive, cnáide.
théidheas, relative form of téidhim, I go. Subjunctive,
téidhidh.
ursa, f., a doorpost; genitive, ursan, as in
1096.
ní h-áil leis, he is not pleased, i.e., satisfied.
altóir, f., an altar; gen., altóra.
lághach, pleasant in manner, agreeable.
i n-a, in or into his, her, its, their.
garrdha, m., a garden
or cultivated plot; genitive, same.
gnóthach, busy; gnó, business.
cuach, f., a cuckoo, also a drinking cup;
gen., cuaiche.
duille, m., a leaf; genitive, same.
Cáisg, f., Easter; genitive, féile.
lá fhéile, the word for “day“
in naming a holy day or saint's day..
stoc, m., live stoc, also a trumpet; genitive,
stuic.
lón, m., provision; genitive, lóin.
fuagair, announce, proclaim; fuagra
m., act of announcing, to announce, an an-
unciation or proclamation.
déirc, f., alms; genitive, déirce.
bláithche, see 1127.
leamhnacht,f., new milk.
beir ar láimh orm, catch me by the hand.
literally bear on hand on me.
stiall,m., a piece cut off, a cut or strip.
cléireach, m., a clerk; gen., cléirigh.
suaimhneas, m., rest, repose; genitive,
suaimhnis.
sop, a wisp, a handful of hay, etc. : genitive
suip.
buaidh, m., success, victory; gen., buadha
greim, m., a bite, also a
grasp; genitive, greama.
coinín, m., a rabbit; genitive, same.

1382. Translate the following proverbs:
Caithfidh duine géilleadh d'á bhacaigheacht.
Is fuar clú gan chiste.
Is námha an cheird gan a foghlaim.
Ní'l amadán ar bith gan a chéill féin.
Ní thig ciall roimh aois.
Is olc an chríoch bheireas ar fhear chnáide.
Nuair a théidheas an gabhar go hursain, ní
háil leis go dtéidhidh go haltóir.
Tá gach uile dhuine go lághach go dtéidhidh
bó i n-a gharrdha.
Tá sé chomh gnóthach le sean-mhnaoi ar
aonach.
Nuair a labharfas an chuach ar chrann gan
duille agus thuitfeas Domhnach na Cásga ar Lá
Fhéile Muire, díol do stoc agus ceannuigh
lón.
Tobac i ndiaidh bídh, is ar mhnaoi an
tighe atá sin.
Má's mian leat aon nídh d'fhuagra, innis
mar rún do mhnaoi é.
Tá déirc i ndigh bháithche, acht tá dhá
dhéirc i ndigh leamhnachta.

Má bheireann tú ar mhuic, beir ar
chois uirri.
Is fuar an rud, clú gan charaid.
Is úr stiall de leathar dhuine uile.
Dearmad an chléirigh ar a chlog.
Is fearr suaimhneas ar shop ná buaidh
ar chnoc.
Is le gach buin a laogh.
Is fearr greim de choinín ná dhá ghreim
de chat.

EXERCISE CLXXIV.

THE ARTICLE AFTER PREPOSITION.

1397. Vocabulary:-
geárrcach, m., a young bird; gen.,
geárrcaigh.
iomáin, f., hurling, the game of
hurley; gen., iomána.
iománaidhe, m., a hurler; gen., same.
claidhe, m., a fence of earth or stone;
genitive, same.
aitin, f., furze, whins; genitive, aitinne.
chuala, heard.
cuir, sow, plant.

buain, reap ; buaint, act of reaping,
to reap.
congaibh, keep; future, coingeobhad
I shall keep; congbháil,
act of keeping, to keep. Popular forms: coinnigh,
keep, future coinneochad,
verbal noun, coinneáil.
cómhra, or cófra, f., a coffer, a cup-
board, also a coffin; gen., same or cómhran.
sliseog, f., a cutting or chip; gen.,
sliseoige.
sail, f., a beam.
gar, near; goire, nearer, nearest.
geur, sharp; géire, sharper, sharpest.
cúil, f., a corner; gen., cúlach.
gobadán, m., a kind of sea-bird; gen.,
gobadáin.
tráigh, a strand, an ebb; gen., trágha.
freasdail, attend to, serve; freasdal
act of attending, &c.
cúirt, f., a court; gen., cúirte.
bonn, a sole, also a “groat,” fourpence.
mair, live; marthain, act of living, to live.

1398. Translate the following pro-
verbs:—

Is fearr an t-eun atá sa láimh ná an
t-eun atá ar an gcraoibh.
Is fearr an cú bhíos sa siubhal ná an cú
bhíos i lúib.
Is geal leis an bhfiach dubh a ghearrcach
féin.
Nuair is cruaidh don chailligh, caithfidh sí
rith.
Is maith an t-iománaidh an fear ar an
gclaidhe.
As an obair thig an fhoghlaim.
Is fearr an té chuireas aitin ar an
gclaidhe ná an té chuireas caisleán 'san
gcoill.
Bíonn blas ar an mbeagán.
Táir comh breugach leis an bhfear
adubhairt go gcuala sé an feur ag fás.
Muna gcuiridh tú san earrach, ní bhuain-
fidh tú sa bhfoghmar.
Ag cur claidhe timcheall guirt, leis an
gcuaich do chongbháil istigh.
Cuir sa gcómhra é, agus gheobhaidh tú gnó dhe.
Sliseoga de'n tsail cheudna.
Is maith an bádóir an fear bhíos ar an
talamh.
An rud is goire do'n chroidhe, is é is goire
do'n bheul.
Is géire súil sa gcúil ná dhá
shúil sa solas (or tsolas).
Ní i gcomhnuidhe thig trom-chraobh ó 'n
bhfairrge.
Ní thig leis an ngobadán an dá thráigh do
fhreasdal.
Is fearr focal sa gcúirt (chúirt) ná
bonn sa sparán.
Luigh leis an uan, agus éirigh leis an eun.
Bonn mór ar an gcapall mbeag.
Maireann an chraobh ar an bhfál, agus ní
mhaireann an lámh do chuir.

EXERCISE CLXXV.

DATIVE PLURAL.

1399. The dative plural of nouns
always ends in ibh or aibh.

1400. If the nominative plural(up to
now called simply “the plural”) ends in e
the dative plural is formed by changing —e
into —ibh, as doirse, doors, doirsibh; súile,
eyes, súilibh; Críostaidhthe, Christians,
Críostaighthibh.

1401. If the nominative plural ends in
-a or in a consonant, the dative plural ends
in —aibh, as ubhla, apples, ubhlaibh; coin,
hounds, conaibh; báird, bards, bárdaibh.

1402. If the nominative plural is made to end —í
(119, 1215), the dative plural is written by addibh bh,
as iasgairí, fishermen, iascairíbh; bádóirí, boat-
men, bádóiríbh.

The dative plural of bean is mnáibh and the
dative plural of bó is buaibh.

1406. Before the plural article na as
well as before the singular article an, the
prepositions i, in, and le, with, have s added
to them, as is na bádaibh or ins na
bádaibh, in the boats; leis na
hubhlaibh, with the apples.

SIMPLE LESSONS IN IRISH

PART V. — CONTINUED.

EXERCISE CLXXV. — Continued.

THE DATIVE OF ADJECTIVES.

1407. After a masculine noun in the
dative singular, an adjective has the same
form as after the nominative singular, an
fear mór, the big man, ó 'n bhfear mór,
from the big man.

1408. After a feminine noun in the
dative singular, an adjective ending in a
broad consonant must have the final con-
sonant attenuated, as bean mhór, a big
woman, do'n mhnaoi mhóir, to the big
woman.

1411. io becomes i: fear fionn, a fair man; bean
fhionn, a fair woman; mac an fhir fhinn, the son of the
fair man; mac na mná finne, the son of the fair woman;
mac do'n mhnaoi fhinn, a son (“to”) the fair woman.

1412. Ío becomes í: sgeul fíor, a true story; ag
innsint sgéil fhír, (at) telling (of) a true story.

1413. Ea becomes i: lá geal, a bright
day; oidhche gheal, a bright night; deireadh lae ghil, the
end of a bright day; deireadh oidhche gile, the end of a
bright night; 'san oidhche ghil, in the bright night.

1414. Ea becomes sometimes ei: an lámh dheas, the
right hand; ordóg na láimhe deise, the thumb
of the right hand; ar do láimh dheis, on your
right hand side.

1415. Eu becomes éi: sgian gheur, a sharp knife;
Cos na sgine géire, the handle of the sharp knife;
leis an sgin ghéir (or ngéir) with the sharp knife.

1416. Ia becomes éi: fear fial, a generous man;
man fir fhéil, a generous man's son; mac mná féile, a
generous woman's son; mac do'n mhnaoi fhéil, a son of
the generous woman.

1417. O short becomes ui: crann crom, a bent
tree; bun an chruinn chruim, the foot of the bent tree;
bun na fuinnseoige cruime, the foot of the bent
ash-tree; fá'n fhuinnseoig chruim (or gcruim) under
the bent ash-tree.

1418. In the dative feminine, as well as in the
genitive masculine and feminine, the endin —ach in an
adjective becomes —aigh, and —each becomes —igh: as bean
bhreugach, a lying woman; do'n mhnaoi bhreugaigh, to the
lying woman; tír chairrgeach, a rocky country; i dtír
chairrgigh, in a rocky country.

1424. Vocabulary:—
dúthchas, m., nature, inborn character;
genitive, dúthchais.
tar lear, beyond the sea.
líon, fill; líontar, is filled.
póirín, m., a small potato; pór, m.,
seed.
dealbh, poor, needy.
stoca, m., stocking.
dóigh, burn; dóighte, burnt.
leac, f., a flat stone, flag; plural, leaca, leacacha,
leacracha.
sleamhain, smooth, slippery; plural, sleamhna.
socair, easy, gently, settled.
seod, m., or f., a precious thing, a gem.
aibhne, plural of abha or abhainn, a river.

1425. Translate the following pro-
verbs —
Ceo soininne ar aibhnibh agus ceo doininne
ar chnocaibh.
Briseann an dúthchas tré shúilibh an chait.
Bíonn adharca móra ar na buaibh tar
lear.
Líontar an sac le póirínibh.
Ní maith leis na mnáibh dealbha an
bhláthach.
Stocaidhe bána ar shálaibh dóighte.
Bíonn leacacha sleamhna i dtighthibh daoine
uaisle.
Labhair go socair, bíonn cluasa ag
ballaibh.

Seoda i gcluasaibh na muc.
Seasamh fada ar chosaibh laga.
Ní thig gaoth as aer nach mbíonn ni
seoltaibh duine éigin.

1443. Irregular Comparatives:—
beag, little comp. lugha, less
mór, large comp. mó, larger, more
fada, long comp. faide, longer
fada, long comp. sia, longer
geárr, short comp. giorra, shorter
maith, good comp. fearr, better
olc, bad comp. measa, worse
iomdha, many comp. mó, lia, more
furusa, easy comp. fusa, easier
te, hot comp. teo hotter
treun, strong comp. treise, as well as tréine, stronger
gránna, ugly comp. gráinne, uglier.
gar, near comp. goire, nearer
árd, high comp. áirde, aoirde, higher

1451. Vocabulary:—
cabhair, or cobhair, f., help. Gen.
cabhra, cobhra.
frighid f., a fleshworm, a mite.
urchóid, f., a vice. Gen. urchóide.
ísleán, m., a hollow; íseal, low.
dona, wretched, bad, poor; opposite of sona.
píopán, m., windpipe, neck.
anachain, f., distress.
luighe, lying (in reference to a shoe), pressing.
a, whom, which, after a preposition.
cirte, comparative of ceart.
sgaoil, loosen, let go. Verbal noun,
sgaoileadh.
grinn, genitive of greann, fun, humour.
seirbhe, comparative of searbh.
guirt, bitter.
gainne, comparative of gann, scarce.
roinn, divide. Verbal noun,
roinnt.
leath, f., a half, a side. Genitive, leithe.
meath, m., failure.
sáruigh, overcome, outdo, beat. Verbal noun,
sárughadh.
diabhal, m., devil.
Gen., diabhail.
lia is often used with a sigular noun where plural
noun is used in English.

1452. Proverbs:
Is goire cabhair Dé ná an doras.
Ní lugha frighid ná máthair na hurchóide
(máthair = mother, i.e. origin).
Ní lia ísleán sona ann ná árdán dona
ann, mar adubhairt an fear agus é ag ithe
píopáin an ghanndail.

Nuair is mó an anachain, is eadh is goire
an chabhair.
An té ar a mbíonn an bhróg ag luighe, is
dó is cirte í sgaoileadh.
Do dhuine gan náire is fusa a ghnó
dheunamh.

An duine saidhbhir ag deunamh grinn,
Deirid uile gur binn a ghlór:
Acht is seirbhe ná an searbhán guirt.
An duine bocht ag deunamh ceoil.

Nuair is gainne an biadh, is eadh is cirte
a roinnt.
Is fearr leath na meath.
Is dána muc ná gabhar, acht sháruigh bean
an diabhal.

1453. Vocabulary:
slat, f., rod. Genitive, slaite.
buaine, comparative of buan, lasting.
feadar, I know; feadair sé, he
knows. Only used after ní, nach (ná), an. Now only
used in the South.
leas, m., benefit, improvement. Genitive, leasa.
lár a leasa, the middle (i.e., essence, utmost) of his
good.
copán, m., a cup. Genitive, copáin.
dóirt, or doirt, spill, pour out. Ver-
bal noun, dórtadh or dortadh.
cách, everybody, the rest.
síl, think, often saoil in books.
preuchán, m., a crow. Genitive preucháin.
fiach dubh, same as fiach, a raven.
cuir do bhóthar dhíot, put your road from you, step out.
rath, m., success.
eadtrom, light. Opposite of trom.
iomchur, verbal noun of iomchuir, carry.
eusgaidhe, or eusgtha, comparative
of eusgaidh, quick, rapid.
neoin, afternoon, evening.
cuideachta, f., company. Genitive
cuideachtan.
do-fhaghála, hard to get. So-fhaghála, easy to get.
áilne, áille, comparative of áluinn, beautiful.
teann, stiff, tight.
gnás, m., custom. Genitive, gnása.

1454. Proverbs:
Is minic a bhain duine slat do bhuail-
feadh é féin.
Is beag an rud is buaine ná an duine.
An rud is measa le duine (683), ní
fheadar sé nach chum lár a leasa é.
Nuair bhíos an copán lán, is eadh is
goire dhó é dhórtadh.
Ní lia smeur sa bhfoghmhar ná iad.
Ní measa cách ná Conchobhar.
Síleann an preuchán gur deise a eun
féin ná aon eun eile sa gcoill.
Bíonn muirighin níos mó ag dreoilín ná
ag fiach dubh.
“Cuir do bhóthar dhíot, beidh do rath go
h-eudtrom ort.” “Má 's eudtrom, is
fusa dhom é iomchar.”
Is eusgaidhe neoin ná maidin.
Is fearr bheith i n-aonar ná i ndroch-
chuideachtain.
An seod do-fhaghála, is é is áilne.
Is marig labhras go teann.
An rud is goire do'n chroidhe, is é is
goire do'n bheul.
Ní lia tír ná gnás.

1455. Vocabulary:
mionnán, m., a kid. Genitive, mionnáin.
leun, m., misfortune. Genitive, léin.
annamh, seldom, rare.
iongantach, contracted to eentach or
oontach, wonderful.
inntleacht, f., intellect, mind.
beach, f., a bee. Genitive, beiche.
taoide, f., tide.
sgórnach, f., throat. Genitive,
sgornaighe.
réidhteach, m., verbal noun of réidhtigh,
set free, fix, arrange.
spórt, m., a spur. Genitive, spuir.
ar iarraidh, wanting, missing.
géire comparative of geur, sharp.
ceárd, f., or ceird, f., a trade. Geni-
tive, ceirde.
oileamhain, or oileamhaint, f.,
rearing, nuture, upbringing. Genitive, oileamhna.

1456. Proverbs:

Is gearr go mbeidh an mionnán níos
measa ná an sean-ghabhar.
Má's gearr ó indiu go dtí indé, is
giorra bhíos an leun ag teacht.
An chuairt is fearr, cuairt ghearr agus gan
í dhéanamh acht go hannamh.
An rud is annamh, is iongantach.
Tá trí ruda is deacra a thuigsint sa
domhan, inntleacht na mban, obair na
mbeach, teacht agus imtheacht na taoide.
An gad is goire don sgórnaigh, is cóir
é réidhteach ar dtús.
Nuair is mó an spórt, is cóir stad de.
An té nach dtéid ag marcaigheacht acht
go h-annamh, bíonn a spuir ar iarraidh.
An rud is giorra is géire.
Ní lia ceann ná ceárd.
Is treise dúthchas na oileamhain.